In what ways did popular culture Essay

The entertainment profiteers encouraged a â€Å"fai ade of classlessness† which would â€Å"undermine working class solidarity† 3. This was not good for socialism; for a socialist state to emerge, the workers themselves need to take control. Socialism rests on the premise that the proletariat should be aware and proud of their background, and certainly not aspire to join the middle classes, the ones who are expected to be overthrown. It’s interesting that the recommended alternatives to commercial entertainment, put foreword by socialists in the late 19th century, were often related to the natural countryside. For example, the â€Å"Clarion† (The weekly socialist paper founded in 1891 by Robert and Montague Blatchford and influenced by the ideas of William Morris) soon became a movement with its own hiking, climbing and cycling clubs. This leisurely, back to nature approach was intended to promote a healthy life and portray its followers as energetic campaigners, who could turn their backs on the urban squalor. According to David Prynn, such groups â€Å"expressed a revulsion against the ugliness and anonymity of urbanised, industrial society, and a deep reverence for nature†4. Nowhere were the negative effects of capitalism more visible than in the industrial towns and Engels describes this in detail in â€Å"The Condition Of The Working Class In England†. British socialists were likely to have been influenced by this key Marxist text. However, despite the popularity of the Clarion clubs, the easy availability and convenience of commercial entertainment must have played a part in preventing more from joining. Why would somebody, after a hard week’s work, want to travel out of the town when the pub, theatre or football ground was just round the corner? And the energetic nature of socialist pastimes (such as choir singing, cycling, hiking) did not really lend itself to the physically demanding shifts in the factories, mines and mills. Music Music hall entertainment was another realm of commercial recreation considered by socialist thinking as unhealthy passive entertainment. The gulf between performer on the stage and paying spectator in the audience discouraged the working class from making their own music. To socialists, â€Å"the commercial revolution had eradicated a viable popular musical culture†5. Music halls were seen as a threat to local performers and travelling showmen. Music played an important part in socialist circles, as it was recognised as arguably the most popular form of entertainment. Alternatives to Music hall shows were group choirs (For example, the nationwide Clarion Vocal Union) and sing-along political compositions, which not only emphasised community spirit by encouraging participation, but also were seen as essential for propaganda value, the lyrics instilling in people the ideas of the socialist cause. Music hall attendance, and the nature of the entertainment there, was therefore viewed as counter-productive to the cause. The music hall acts themselves would tend to reaffirm bourgeoisie values by reflecting everyday life and the songs could hardly be considered as inflammatory. According to John Kenrick: â€Å"With women and children in the audience, the material was never more than mildly risqui. The songs were mostly sentimental and/or comic takes on everyday life, as well as spoofs of the rich and famous. â€Å"6 Furthermore, the diversity and variation of music hall acts was not good for creating a â€Å"common musical heritage†7, which was seen as important in cementing working-class unity. Folk songs were added to the socialist repertoire, considered to be timeless songs of the people. Conclusion The rising popularity of British socialism and its accompanying clubs and associations demonstrates that the working classes were not entirely diverted away from socialism, as this essay question suggests. Socialism (which, after all, was a new idealism in the late 19th century, and was born in the midst of the fastest growing industrial nation in the world and found itself having to compete with that nations capitalist values) never went away and continued to grow in strength through the next century. However, forces existed, of which commercial entertainment was one, which prevented socialism from being as popular as it might have been. As sport and leisure became new fields of investment for entrepreneurs, capitalism became an even bigger part of life for the masses. The money they made from wages was put back into the system via paid-for entertainment. The other reasons that Socialists were unable to win over more of the masses could be linked to the types of leisure activities they put foreword. These activities were physically demanding, as I have already explained, but also they were arguably the type of leisure enjoyed by the middle classes. The unintended result of this was that movements like Blatchford’s tended to attract more middle class socialists, and had less appeal to the working classes. Socialists advocated leisure time spent in the countryside; but to travel out of the city every weekend could also have been regarded as the privilege of the middle class. Perhaps socialists needed to start their campaigns from within the towns where the workers lived, not from outside them. Word count = 1560 Bibliography Waters, C: â€Å"British Socialists and the Politics of Popular Culture† Manchester University press, 1990 Prynn, D: â€Å"The Clarion Clubs, Rambling and the Holiday Associations in Britain since the 1890’s† Journal of Contemporary History 11,1976 Benson, J: â€Å"The Working Class in England 1875 – 1914† Croom Helm, 1985 Marx and Engels : â€Å"The Manifesto of the Communist Party† Progress, 1952 Engels, F : â€Å"The Condition Of The Working Class In England† Oxford University Press, 1993 John Kenrick: â€Å"The British Music Hall† http://www. musicals101. com/musichall. htm James Sotheran SOCHI2036 IN WHAT WAYS DID POPULAR CULTURE AND PEOPLE’S PASTIMES DIVERT THE WORKING CLASS AWAY FROM SOCIALISM? Module Leader: Ray Physick 1 Waters, C: â€Å"British Socialists and the Politics of Popular Culture† Manchester University press, 1990, (P. 23) 2 Same as â€Å"1† (P. 44-50) 3 Same as â€Å"1† (P. 40) 4 Prynn, D: â€Å"The Clarion Clubs, Rambling and the Holiday Associations in Britain since the 1890’s Journal of Contemporary History 11,1976 (P. 65) 5 Same as â€Å"1† (P. 103) 6 John Kenrick: â€Å"The British Music Hall† http://www. musicals101. com/musichall. htm 7 Same as â€Å"1† (P. 105).

Descartes vs. Spinoza Essay

What I will do in this following paper is to discuss two very interesting philosophers, Rene Descartes and Benedictus de Spinoza. I will discuss each philosopher’s perspectives and insights on their most recognized theories and thoughts. I will then evaluate them and then give my opinion on the given topic. By doing this, I will contrast the similarities and differences between the two genius minds. By the end of the paper I will have discarded some ideas and opinions from each of the two and will have my own judgment that consists of thoughts from Spinoza, Descartes and my self put together. Themes On Descartes: Existence of God- Descartes’ View – One of the most famous and debatable theories Descartes had was his proof of the existence of God. He had for steps on the ladder to prove this. 1) Everything including our ideas has a cause. 2) We have an idea of God. 3) Nothing less than God is adequate to be the cause of our idea of God. An lastly 4) Therefore God exists. My View – Considering the fact that Descartes was a rationalist and a very religious man, you can see why he would desperately try to make sense of everything, including God. I believe his proof that he has laid out for us that God exists is false. What Descartes is trying to tell us is that our idea of God comes directly from God himself and that we cannot create something in our minds that we have not already witnessed by our senses. But I believe we can implant the idea of God in our minds without God planting it for us. Since man has been on this planet, we have been evolving. I believe our idea of God is a collection of thoughts and ideas that has evolved. Ideas such as security, peace, direction, order, separating good and evil, questions to our existence, comfort, space, answers to questions no one has. It is all these thoughts, ideas and more put together in our minds overtime that create this all mighty powerful being who knows all and is all that we call God. The U-Turn- Descartes’ View – One of the aspects Descartes strived to find was â€Å"certainty†, searching for absolute foundation. He felt in order to come across certainty; we must first doubt everything we know. To help people comprehend his idea, he created the U-Turn as a visual reference to understand. As we go down the â€Å"U† we first doubt common sense, then we doubt awake/sleep since he believes we can’t distinguish the difference. We continue to go down the â€Å"U† by doubting mathematics because there could be an â€Å"Evil Genius† that tricks us into believing something untrue. At the bottom of this U we reach the point where nothing is certain except one thing according to Descartes, which is our existence. He says â€Å"I think, therefore I am†, which means the only thing we can be certain about is our own existence. He then stops and says if we exist, then there must be a God, and this is where the U takes its turn and moves upwards. He then says if God exists he would not deceive us because he is all loving and caring, therefore we have no reason to doubt mathematics, followed by ourselves (body/mind) and lastly we can then be certain about the physical world, no need to doubt it. My View – I find this to be an interesting concept that Descartes has formulated in his mind, one that is most definitely worth thinking about and taking into consideration. But in my point of view, there is a break in his chain. From the moment he mentions we doubt being awake and asleep is where I think his U-Turn collapses. Descartes says we can not distinguish the difference between the two, but that’s only true to a certain point. As humans we have logic, common sense and we are aware of most of the knowledge we obtain. We know that we live a life every day and that we need rest every night; and we know that sleeping is a form of rest which sometimes includes bizarre, twisted, chaotic scenarios which we call dreams or nightmares. The argument he made on this segment of his U-Turn concept was only half true. He was right on the fact that we can not distinguish the difference when in a dream state but wrong on the idea that same goes for when we are awake. As human begins we may not be able to have any reasoning, logic or understand the fact that we are dreaming but when we are not dreaming we can logically know we are awake and be able to know the difference between awake/sleep which means we don’t have to doubt common sense or mathematics anymore. If this is the case then Descartes U-Turn theory is wrong and the idea that the only thing we can be â€Å"certain† about is our own existence is false. Themes On Spinoza: Conception of God- Spinoza’s’ View – Spinoza went on a whole different direction when it came to God. Up to his point in time most people believed in a transcendent God, this meant that they believed in a personal God that was all loving, caring and would not deceive us human beings. People would prey to this personal God for various things like comfort and security, but Spinoza had his own belief. His conception was quite different from that of anyone else. His conception of God was non-personal (Non- Transcendent) and was the totality of everything that is immanent. He explained that our infinite Universe is one that has no outside and is also one big web where everything in it is connected. What he is basically trying to say is that God=Nature, God is the totality of everything that is. My View – Spinoza’s conception of God is quite absurd. There may or may not be a God but if there is, it is definitely not the totality of everything that is. The meaning of God is a higher supreme being that would have a higher consciousness than humans. There is a difference between nature and God. I feel nature is more on the lines of what he is trying to say but uses the word â€Å"God†. God can not be everything that is because then that would mean we are part of the make up of God and that is absurd. How can everything in the universe that has no conception of God be a part of God? His thoughts and ideas on this subject don’t add up in the end and don’t seem like an acceptable solution to the questions revolving around â€Å"God†. Ethics: On Interconnected Self- Spinoza’s’ View – Spinoza said that freedom of choice is an illusion and that everything that happens is part of a necessary order witch is completely rational. My View – If freedom of choice is an illusion and everything is already set to happen before it occurs†¦then why are we making choices in the first place? I believe we do have freedom of choice and that we set our own destiny. Everything will be set but is not set yet. We must make choices and decisions to get to where we want to or do not want to. This can be compared to a video game, the programmer and the player. The programmer sets al these scenarios, levels, obstacles, directions and gives the gamer various choices to make. The player goes through these obstacles, and makes choices where many possibilities are presented to him/her. Ultimately the game will finish one way or the other with the choices that the player makes. All these various different possibilities were laid out (each which had its own outcome) but the player made the decision to get to where he/she is now. Overall Comparison: After taking in everything these two philosophers have presented and evaluating their ideas, I have come up with my own thoughts. I believe Descartes had a much more reasonable and acceptable point of view than Spinoza. Descartes thoughts and concepts were easier to understand and coupe with. I disagree a lot with both of the two but my mind has a greater understanding of Descartes perspective. Spinoza was so special in his own way because of his unique ideas but his concepts on God and ethics seemed to far fetch. Descartes seemed to be on a perfect track until he took a couple things too far like God, trying to prove his existence. If we are to gain knowledge through sense experience then technically we have no knowledge of God, jus a compound of thoughts and ideas to create such a being. Overall I like Descartes philosophical way of thinking more than any other philosopher and feel we can learn a lot from him including helping ourselves to think in a more abstract philosophical manner. Sources Of Information: 1) A History of Western Philosophy : Hobbes to Hume (Second Edition) 2) individual. utoronto. ca/mtlin/god. pdf 3) www. utm. edu/research/iep/s/spinoza. htm 4) http://serendip. brynmawr. edu/Mind/17th. html 5) www. trincoll. edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/descartes. html 6) www. connect. net/ron/descartes. html.

Using web based research, find an environmental-based ethical dilemma Essay

Using web based research, find an environmental-based ethical dilemma from the past five years online - Essay Example At the Severn tidal estuary, sea water rises up the river during high tide. The proposed barrage would allow the high tide to flow in through the sluice gates of the barrage, when the tide is at its highest, gates would be closed, when the tide starts to fall the water would be released driving two hundred and fourteen 40 MW turbines. The project could generate as much as 17 billion kilowatt hours of electricity per year. This project could generate up to 5% of the UK’s energy needs (Black & Veatch, 2007). A large part of the Severn estuary has been marked as a protected wetland. The estuary is the habitat of tens of thousands of birds and other aquatic wildlife. If the proposed barrage is built, 35,000 hectares of protected wetland would be inundated by water potentially endangering the wildlife that depends on it for survival (Turnpenny, 2001). Great numbers of migratory fish including critically threatened or declining species such as Atlantic salmon, sea trout, shads and eels also pass through the Severn estuary. Fish passing through the hydroelectric turbines are likely to suffer injury or death (Turnpenny, 2001). According to Kant’s categorical imperative, the ends do not justify the means, a person’s acts are morally correct if and only if it were correct for every other person to act in the same way, for the same reasons. Another aspect of the categorical imperative involves the treatment of human beings. Kantian morality is concerned mostly with the rights of humans, Kant considered non-human creatures to be mere ‘things’ which could be used and disposed of by humans at their will. Kant advocated kindness to animals, but only because he believed that those who are cruel to animals inevitably become cruel in their dealings with other humans as well (Gruen, 2010). According to Kant, humans are intrinsically valuable and they must not be used as a merely a means to an end but

How may one account for the significance that contemporary societies Essay

How may one account for the significance that contemporary societies attach to the problem of terrorism - Essay Example Terrorism is commonly used as a term to describe violent acts against civilian targets based on nationalistic, political or religious motivations. It is an unconventional form of war which is often used to weaken or subvert a government and the effects of a terrorist attack may be seen as a threat to international order (Baylis, 2002). However, the nature of the causes can be debated since some terrorist activities have been given support while others have been considered atrocities against humanity. For example, as described by Martin & Martin (2003), even the Boston Tea Party can be seen as a terrorist act in a technical sense but that event has been connected with a justified cause while recent acts of terrorism against the United Kingdom such as the London underground attacks are considered unjustified. If not by all concerned individuals, at least by the western world and many other civilised nations who joined the British in mourning for the loss of life and the tragedies which unfolded in the aftermath. The aftermath comes with the public asking the most important question i.e. why? They want to know how and why such an event happened and what the government is willing to do to stop these acts from occurring again. Since there is no single or easy answer to the question and different opinions can be given by different writers coming from various backgrounds, society becomes more involved in answering these questions and thus becomes more focused on the idea of terrorism. In essence, it is a drama which is unfolding live before the people and this certainly fascinates society as it has done for the past hundreds of years (Orr and Klai, 1990). Undoubtedly, terrorism certainly affects those individuals who are targets or those who have lost something due to terrorist activity (NCT, 2006). Their lives have certainly changed and they have had to deal with the aftermath in ways that others can not imagine. However, even after the most

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

International Marketing - Essay Example While marketing goods and services to the various countries, there are instances whereby adaptation may be necessary, like when we want the new market to become acclimatized with our new products. At other times, we may opt to employ a standardization strategy, especially if the product being marketed has a national appeal, or in a known global brand. This is a term that is used in reference to the practice of importing unauthorized products that ideally should be sold at a lower price, with the intentions of selling these at a higher market price. The implication of a grey market is that to some extent, the company is question is offering competition to own products in the market (Cateora & Graham 2002). A grey market shall have an effect both the manufacturers and the distributors in different ways. For the manufacturer, there is the risk of having their brand value lost in the market. This is in addition to the ensuing competition that the products in the grey market give to a manufacturer’s own products. Moreover, the manufacture is forced to redesign his/her pricing strategy on a global scale, with the intention of containing this new competition that appears to ape the existing price strategy. This is in addition to the manufacturer having to spend so that he/she may be able to solve this problem of parallel import (Terpstra & Sarathy 2002). To the distributors, the effect of a grey market is that a competition n incentive comes into effect. This is because now, we have competition that is offering to the market a similar product to that being offered by the distributors, but alt a lower price. Another effect of the grey markets to the distributors is a potential loss of customers and consequently, their market shares for a given region. In addition the revenues generated by a distributor plummet, along with the associated profits (Cateora & Graham 2002). What this means is that the distributors shall

Niccolo Machiavelli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Niccolo Machiavelli - Essay Example Machiavelli shows experiences are not merely limited to explanation of similarity but also offers an outlook and to a certain degree predictability of change not only in human conditions but also in circumstances of human life. Therefore, the present and the past remain in nature the only guideline for the occurrence of future events. The essay discusses this statement. Machiavelli statement depicts history as taking on educational role since there are similarities in present, past and future events. For instance, in index funds decision regarding where an entrepreneur can invest is essential. It is difficult to make a wise decision without adequate understanding of the long-term historical risks as well as returns in different indexes. Being able to gain the necessary understanding entails establishing the various indexes available for investment. Through remarkable understanding regarding the prolonged historical risks as well as returns of various indexes, investors are able to comprehend the way to apportion indexes according to their individual risk capability. Naturally, investors are interested in investing on index portfolios, which provide the maximum return rate in the risk level matching the investor’s risk capacity (Hebner 166). Rational prediction in Machiavelli’s statement relies on the existence of proper links that connect predictive claims to input data, which in return provides the justification. The input data can only be available by understanding the past. Machiavelli believes that social conditioning never results in different responses because men are not byproducts of the diverse environments but through historical events that are the same and generate similar response in both present men and men of the past. Through history, Machiavelli manages to show that it elicits sameness that allows creation of universal laws for behavior and explanation (Rigney & Douwe

Sum up what you learned from these articles Essay

Sum up what you learned from these articles - Essay Example Islam has existed in Central Asia for centuries. After being conquered by Turkish Arabs, the native cultures converted to Islam. Yet it was not a pure Islam, but an Islam mixed with local customs. Another issue that impacted Islam in Central Asia was the Soviet occupation. Damrel suggests: The understanding of what happened to Islam and Muslim society under first Tsarist and then Soviet domination is an important part of modern Uzbek self-perception. According to a well-known historical paradigm, the overwhelmingly Muslim communities of Central Asia were subjugated by a European colonial power that attempted to discredit, eviscerate and indeed expunge Islam from culture and society. The Soviets, in contrast, launched a full-scale assault on Islamic institutions and practices in the mid-1920s, a campaign that intensified dramatically during Stalin’s â€Å"revolution from above† and the purges of the late 1920s and 1930s. Although oppression is not favorable, the result was positive. Due to the oppression, Central Asia has formed its own brand of Islam. While it might be repressive to some, the Islam in Central Asia is not as threatening as in neighboring Afghanistan. Plus, Central Asia has formed their religion and culture in the meantime. It is much better than having another occupation. The announced goals of the new university vividly portray a state vision of Islam that intersects both with issues of nation-building in Central Asia and with a larger global Muslim discourse about the nature of Islam itself. (Damrel) mazhab), one of the four main branches of Sunni Islam (the other three being the Shafi’, Hanbali’i, and Maliki’i mazhabs). The standard argument is that Sunni Islam ultimately prevailed over Shia Islam in the region because it was better able to accommodate local practices and traditions, including eventually Sufism, a mystical and popularized form of Islamic worship that is very open to

Franco Prussian War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Franco Prussian War - Essay Example Historians attribute various causes to this war. First, Bismarck, a Prussian prime minister had a great vision of a unified Germany, which he planned. To him, a provoked war with France will bring about the unity between the North protestant states and the Southern Germans Catholics who were divided by culture and belief but had a common enemy the France. Secondly, the war was about revenge by Napoleon III who wanted to recover what was lost by his lineage after the defeat of Napoleon I and humiliate Prussia (History World international Web). In my view, this war was necessary. We get to see the great leaders of old who could not solve issues via great speeches but through the blood and Iron fist. Different governments can learn from this war that happened many years ago of some tactics of unifying their states to gain power and prestige. I think it is possible to do a comparison between the primitive leadership of the 1800 and that of the 20th century, which is advanced. In the issues of morality and ethics, this war has a great teaching not to revenge. Napoleon III had it rough as he tried to revenge a thing that led to the fall of the second French empire and capturing of its two

Cost of Poor Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost of Poor Quality - Essay Example Theoretically there are two costs of quality related with the production and R&D. Firstly, the cost of the good quality and the cost of poor quality. The cost of poor quality affects the internal and external costs resulting from failing to meet the requirements whereas the cost of good quality affects the cost of investing in the prevention of non-performance to requirements and cost of appraising a product for conformance to the requirements. The costs related with the internal failure are the costs that are caused by non conformance to what the customer wants and these costs are found before the delivery of the product or service. This would off course lead to the customer dissatisfaction and demotivation of R&D staff. These internal costs will result in re-works, delays, re-designing etc. External failure costs are costs that are caused by deficiencies found after delivery of products and services to external customers, these costs will result into complaints, repairing and re-do ing services, warranty claims as well as losses due to sales reduction and which lead to customer dissatisfaction. By launching the product before the complete testing of the product, our company has made a tradeoff between generating sales and compromising on the quality. It was a gore mistake on the part of Mr. George Chadwick to start the production before the complete testing of the material for its fine-tuning. Backed by more of ambitions and less of reality, this decision has now seems to backfire as the company is facing strong quality costs. One of the important quality control tools is called Pareto Analysis.  

The challenges of the HR executive in 2013 Research Paper

The challenges of the HR executive in 2013 - Research Paper Example As Indian organizations realize the need for professional HRM, there is a high demand for HR professionals as well. Reports indicate that during 2008 the attrition of HR professional in the growing IT sector is the highest at 20%, while turnover rate for core IT professionals known for high attrition is 18%. Additionally, in many organizations, line professional adopt the role of the HR and that too with great success. The CEOs are concerned about the issues related to people placed by the top leadership in HRM organizations. However, the Accenture report identifies most CEOs, which doubt on the ability of a large section of HR functionaries to be strategic business partners. The reasons behind the failure of organizational leadership is to encourage HR to move to the front lines from their traditional roles as a back-room support and crisis-handler, and the inability of HR function to align with business. With the development of the knowledge industry and recruiting high demand for people, the HR functions started to take a strategic focus. The applicability of HR functions is not only confined to business establishments but also to non-business organizations. Supporters of HRM claimed that the HR manager is a change agent and a transformational leader, and his or her functions are panacea for all organizational ills and social events. Therefore, the term human resource implies to the availability of man power for supply, which can be drawn and used to accomplish a task. Resources appear as a cost in traditional accounting services (Grahamm, 2005, p.5). Present status of Human Resource Management in organizations. HR executive is usually the vice president of an organization. They carry the responsibility of linking the firm’s corporate policy and strategy with HRM. In a weak economy, it is difficult for the hr executives today to reward the employees for their performance. The present condition of the nation’s employment rate remains at 9.1% (Ru she & MacAskill, 2011). Therefore, to improve the nation’s economy HR executives are providing new opportunities to the top technical talent. According to the HR professionals, managing the company’s brand image became challenging role for them to exist in the competitive market. Therefore, the use of internet facilitates the HR executives today to attract and recruit the new talents for their organizations. It also enables the companies to search for talent cutting across time and distance constraints. Using social networking sites like Facebook, Linkedln help the HR executives to connect with the new talents. We can take the example of the LinkedIn, created a small team in their organization, which will focus on only providing opportunities to the prospective employees to work in companies like Mountain View and Calf. In August, Linkedln invited students from different colleges nearby to take active participation in computer programming event organized in their headq uarters. The main motive behind this participation in computer programming event was only to give them an exposure in their organization culture and to promote their company to attract the new talents. Now day’s companies are trying to create their presence in social media in order to connect with the new talents. Taking another example of one of the world’s leading professional service organization Ernst & Young

Friendship Essay Example for Free

Friendship Essay In our society, no one can live without friends. It would be a lonely and bored life without friend. Life becomes more beautiful when we have friends. But what is friendship? Different life experiences make up different meanings of friendship for different people. I believe a friend can share our happiness and sorrow and is always with us to solve our problems and make us happy. Friendship is about action, not a state of mind. A friend can support us while we are on the right path and can have the courage to stand in front of you when you are in the wrong way. Our friendships change while we grow up, especially for teenagers. The teenage years are a time of physical, emotional, and social growth and change. As teenagers, we all want to make friends. When we are younger, our parents control us. We do not have time to make our own friends. As we grow up, our parents give us more free time. We start to make our own friends and hang out with them. I have many friends. One of them is Joana Rose Nacional, Joana for short. She was born on October 27, 1999. Her parents are Evelyn and Godofredo Nacional. She is a fine girl of fair complexion with straight brown hair flowing on her head. She has two beautiful eyes and a well set nose. Her weight which is 50 kilograms is really more than mine. She’s more healthy than I am, and she loves food. In fact, she likes â€Å"sinigang na baboy†, her mother’s lasagna, pastel de lengua, lengua estofado, ice cream and chocolates. Her favorite colors are green, blue, and red. Her favorite books are Harry Potter, Tuesdays with Morrie, and others. Her favorite kind of clothes are those with a touch of Korean and American fashion. Her favorite symbol is a star because, according to her, she wants to shine at the darkest part of other people’s life. Her favorite subjects are Grammar Composition and Mathematics. As a big KPOP fan, her favorite celebrities are those of Korean ethics. She descirbes herself as Religious. Her ambitions in life are to be a lawyer or a graduate in Engineering or Chemical Engineering. All she wishes for are to go to Korea ,meet her favorite KPOP artists and get to live with them, travel around the world, have a successful life, and most importantly, have a peaceful and happy life with her family. Most of us may make friends and are very careful of whom we choose. We choose friends as we grow up because we start to realize what true friends are. We have more experiences in life. We know what kind of friends we need. Friends never fade away, in fact, they grow better with time. Friendship comes so rarely, and without it, we are lost. Whatever happens, we should keep our friends close to our heart, tell them how they are important to us and not let them slip away. If they do, go out and get them back.

Equality Rights: Feminism

Equality Rights: Feminism Equality Rights Feminism Equality a term associated with fairness, cohesion, and rights has been an important goal for various theoretical movements that have formed in Feminism. The debate surrounding equality has and continues to be of concern at all different levels feminism arose as a response to the inequalities between men and women. The question of equality itself puts up a parameter of analysis and critique that allows for investigation and speculation. To ponder equality, is to enlighten the senses to explore the possibilities of what is known, what needs to be done, and who or what is involved in seeking equality it challenges the word as well as the people framed within it. Catharine MacKinnon states that â€Å"Feminism is the discovery that women do not live in this world, that the person occupying this realm is a man, so much more a man if he is white and wealthy† (367). With this in mind, feminist movements emphasize the importance of every women’s position in social and political spaces. Various feminist movements can be used to achieve equality. However, each perspective provides a different contribution in obtaining such equality. Feminist theories of the liberal, Marxist, radical, and postcolonial perspectives all cover certain aspects of inequality while limiting in the acknowledgement of another. The integration of these perspectives will allow for a truly beneficial equality for women. Liberal feminism is a stance that argues for women to have equal rights to men and to achieve individual autonomy. They propose a model of individual autonomy by fighting for the right of women to have educational opportunities and to obtain a career that is outside of domesticity. This is part of their main focus of their strive for women to have the same rights that men hold â€Å"naturally† men being the gender of privilege and power (Whelehan 29). Liberal feminists are interested in the politics of law to maintain equality between women and men. From this perspective, equality for women is achievable but due to the nature and intensity of its movements, liberal feminism is considered as a starting point for equal rights and freedoms guaranteed to each individual. It takes a more â€Å"soft† lobbying approach to fight for the equal rights of women to those of men as they try to refrain from any direct challenge to institutions that cause them to be unequal. They would like to change laws but stay within the boundaries of institutions as they prove to be valuable to many women. Imelda Whelehan points out that the â€Å"liberal perspective on state intervention in people’s lives also proved problematic, since state support was crucial to many women’s lives, and any shrinkage of its services would probably mean that their living standards deteriorated† (34). As a result, liberal feminists were caught between fighting for women’s rights and expressing their victimization that is due to their differences in biological sex. Moreover, social change is restricted because if the current liberal state was overthrown, the male-dominant liberalistic status quo would be disrupted and many services provided by the state (especially services provided to women to improve their living standards) will be in jeopardy. Combining liberal thought and feminism provides many contradictions because their beliefs do not apply equally to both male and female due to the constraints of reality. If males and females are given equal rights (as hoped by liberal feminists), there will be strains on both sexes in terms of gender roles within and outside of the economy as well as an emphasis on the females biological anatomy of giving birth. As a result, liberal feminism’s concept of equality is an ideal that is contradictory due to reality, personal benefits, and environmental constraints (such as the state, education, and family needs). It is important to realize that this does not necessarily prove liberal feminism as an ineffective approach to equality. In fact, liberal feminism is the most widely known feminist movement in today’s society. The liberal feminist movement can be seen as the basis and the starting point for the fight towards gender equality. However, this approach needs to be combined with other perspectives for a more effective outcome. Another effective approach to strive for gender equality is to analyze the problem through the Marxian framework. Marxist feminism emphasizes that capitalism and patriarchy are organizing devices that hinder the contemplation of having a society that is equal between genders. They argue that class is a major factor that creates the division between men and women. In other words, the hierarchy system of class produces inequalities by placing power in the hands of a few while oppressing others that do not have this privilege. Marxist feminism focuses their attention on women’s position in labor and in the capitalist system women’s participation in the home and in wage work. Heidi Hartmann states that â€Å"the problem in the family, the labor market, economy, and society is not simply a division of labor between men and women, but a division that places men in a superior, and women in a subordinate, position† (7). As a result, Marxist feminists take on a revolutionary approach to overthrow capitalism in order to dismantle male privilege [really really really good clean cut statement]. They recognize that women are subordinated as a class and that women’s unpaid work in the home needs to be acknowledged because â€Å"women at home not only provide essential services for capital by reproducing the labor force, but also create surplus value through that work† (Hartmann 8). Moreover, Marxist feminism recognizes the social and historical context of all women’s work in paid and unpaid labor. By acknowledging women’s participation in society, women’s contribution will not be taken for granted hence elevating their gender status. Equality can therefore be achieved in a capitalistic sense. While the liberal approach focuses on gender equality in rights before the court of law, the Marxian perspective takes on a capitalistic approach strengthening women’s status in the economic system. These two approaches aim to fight for more power for oppressed women but, at the same time, they lack focus on a major source of this oppression the problematic male-dominant gender system. Radical feminism is useful in analyzing this issue as it focuses on patriarchy as the source of gender inequality. This binary gender system is seen to be a social construct that serves as the basis of gender inequality. Radical feminists argue that men’s privilege oppresses women though social institutions and cultural productions. As a result, men’s dominance over women is seen to take on a social hierarchy that produces unequal power relations. They stress that social organizations created male domination, which has forced upon society a type of thinking that is â€Å"malestream.† Moreover, violence towards women and the objectification of women’s bodies have placed women in a position of exploitation and victimization. Radical feminism coined the slogan â€Å"The personal is political† to emphasize that individual experiences brings out political issues that need to be addressed and acknowledged. They take on a revolutionary approach in that social and political changes are necessary in order to overthrow the structural framework of inequality between men and women. They argue that â€Å"individual female identity and experience [is] the first step to collective revolution† (Whelehan 36). Acknowledging female identity apart from the structural gender framework will allow the female gender to break free from â€Å"malestream† ideals. In other words, the elimination of this gender system will possibly bring the two genders into equality. Another feminist movement that aims to challenge existing social norms and constructs is postcolonial feminism. This movement focuses on rejecting all foundational thought that is known and used as truth. They argue that this truth is constructed and created by the powers of those that are the colonizers (middle-class, white males) who have power over the colonized. Moreover, this truth becomes part of the universal it is accepted to be true with little or no questioning. As a result, postcolonial feminist reject universalizing principles because it marginalizes those that are not part of the norm. Leela Gandhi argues that a â€Å"comprehensive dismantling of colonial hierarchies and structures needs to be matched by a reformed and imaginative reconception of colonized society and culture† (82). Postcolonial feminists stress that women are situated in a â€Å"double colonization† in which they are oppressed as women and colonized people as well as constructed as sexual objects. A reformation of the constructed male-dominant society should take place revamping all social norms that naturally set women as the subordinate. By destabilizing the colonization, ideals on gender that are taken for granted will be overthrown granting an opportunity for women to be acknowledged in society. With an increased level of appreciation of women’s contribution, equality between the genders can be achieved. With the unique standpoint of each perspective, inequality issues regarding different structures of society can be understood better. Each of these perspectives is effective in their own way as they all aim to bring equality between the genders. By incorporating the multiple perspectives, equality can be achieved to a certain extent. The issue of equality is based on people’s perspectives and the social contexts these people are positioned. No matter how hard these feminist movements try to strive for equality, gender differences will continue to exist biological differences can never be eliminated. If â€Å"absolute† equality is achieved, men and women will be seen as equal and existing protection for female’s biological differences will be removed. Protection such as laws regarding birth right allowing women to be released [better word?] from work for a recovery period is beneficial and should not be revoked due to â€Å"equality.† In a sense, rather than relieving female victims from oppression, this â€Å"absolute† equality may cause even more distress for the female community. With this in mind, achieving absolute gender equality should not be the main goal of feminist movements. These perspectives should be used to help strive to seek for the acknowledgement of women’s position in society. Equality does not necessarily have to be achieved in order for females to obtain a better life. Providing respect and recognition for the female gender will be more useful and beneficial. Based on people’s perspectives/attitudes and the social context people are positioned Equality may or may not be possible Possible for certain sectors but women still needs more rights (ex. birth Þ biological difference) May agree/accept certain aspects of a feminist perspective but don’t have to accept all of it All these feminist perspectives has helped strive to seek equality for women and have made significant contributions to the acknowledgement of women’s position in society Liberal and radical both aim at giving women more rights Even if they strive for equality, gender differences will still exist no matter what (biological difference) Would should still have more rights and be protected for those differences Works Cited Gandhi, Leela (1998). â€Å"Postcolonialism and Feminism† in Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction (81-101). New York: Columbia University Press. Hartmann, Heidi (1981). â€Å"The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union.† In Lydia Sargeant (Ed.) Women and Revolution (1-41). Montreal: Black Rose Books. MacKinnon, Catherine (1985). â€Å"Pornography, Civil Rights, and Free Speech.† In Rosemary Tong (Ed.) (1999) Feminist Philosophies. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Whelehan, Imelda (1995). â€Å"Liberal Feminism: The Origins of the Second Wave† in Modern Feminist Thought (25-43). New York: New York University Press. Question Three: Discuss the potential and limitations of feminist theories with respect to the analysis of gender and sexuality. Compare several perspectives and then draw your own conclusions about this issue. The social stratification of our society has placed boundaries on all aspects of our lives. With deeper exploration of these constructed issues, multifaceted debates arise in feminism. Moreover, by looking at the social organization of the everyday, feminist theories are able to take a closer look into the complex views surrounding gender, sex, and sexuality. It is important to make a clear distinction between the concepts of gender, sex, and sexuality to understand the underlying message that each of these words conveys each concept has a particular meaning and construction to its term. Gender is often referred to as the social construction of our identity of being â€Å"man/masculine† and â€Å"woman/feminine† (sometimes known as being â€Å"gendered†), whereas sex pertains to the biology of our species (male and/or female). Heidi Hartmann eloquently emphasizes that â€Å"we are born female and male, biological sexes, but we are created women and man, socially recognized genders† (16). Sexuality, on the other hand, refers to our emotional and intimate relationships (heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality). The work of liberal, Marxist, radical, postcolonial, lesbian, and third wave feminism all have considerable overlap in their analysis of gender, sex, and sexuality, but each of these perspectives has its own central focus. As a result, the dissimilar concepts have always resulted in contrasting debates. It is beneficial to analyze the potentials and limitations of each of these feminist theories in order to fully understand the complexity of gender, sex, and sexuality. The integration of these various perspectives will provide a deeper understanding and awareness of the diverse issues that our social structure tries to mask. As a mainstream feminist movement, liberal feminism claims that differences in gender are not based in biology. They believe women and men are not very different due to their common humanity. As a result, they argue that women and men should not be treated any differently under the law women should have the same opportunities and legal rights as men by striving to eliminate laws that differentiate people by gender (Whelehan 29). Liberal feminism has the potential of slowly changing people’s attitudes toward gender and sexuality by increasing women’s participation in what is known to be male occupations as well as encouraging support networks for women. They also provide great contribution by socializing and educating the young with gender-neutral terminology. However, liberal feminism is limited in their focus there is too much emphasis on the macro and very little on the micro. The private sphere of women’s experiences in their home is not brought to the forefront. As a result, many troubling issues such as domestic violence and marital rape are not spoken about. This limitation undermines liberal feminism’s goal to have men and women being treated equally. The silencing of the private and personal life has hindered the individual autonomy and freedom of speech of women women’s domestic and sexual lives become unacknowledged (Whelehan 38). Moreover, Imelda Whelehan states that there is a â€Å"limit to how far liberal feminists will ‘pry’ into individual’s private social/sexual choices† (38). As a result, they do not directly challenge capitalism (the main contributor to the oppression of women), which undermines the idea of changing the institutions that maintain gender bias and censors sexuality. Whelehan also emphasizes that liberal feminism is problematic in that its views are predominately white, middle class, heterosexuals this ignores women who do not inhabit what is a relatively privileged social position (41). Although liberal feminism has created conditions to fight for equality, it is only a stepping stone for the other feminist theories that follow it is limited in the macro and public realm of politics. Another way to approach the problematic concepts of gender, sex, and sexuality is through the Marxian perspective. Marxist feminism suggests that the dual system of roles as paid and unpaid workers in a capitalist economy is the reason behind women’s oppression. They argue that in the workplace, women are exploited by capitalism whereas in the home, they are exploited by patriarchy (Hartmann 5). Moreover, women have fewer economic resources due to their low paying wages as compared to men. Heidi Hartmann argues that sexist ideology has adopted a capitalist form in that patriarchal relations bolster capitalism the subjugation of women in the private and public sphere has allowed for the continuance of patriarchal and capitalistic needs. Women’s work is devalued even though they are the major source to an efficient economy they are caregivers, housekeepers, and work for the paid marketplace. Marxist feminism greatly focuses their analysis on gender being a source of job segregation that exploits women as paid and unpaid workers in the workplace and in the family. They argue that women are subordinated as a class and that â€Å"the problem in the family, the labor market, economy, and society is not simply a division of labor between men and women, but a division that places men in a superior, and women in a subordinate, position† (Hartmann 7). However, Marxist feminism is limited in its macro analysis of society because the individual and private lives of people (especially the exploration of sexuality in regards to producing products of capital) need to be analyzed. It covers feministic issues within the economic system but, due to its limited framework, it is inefficient in addressing problems surrounding individual issues that women are facing in today’s male-dominant society. To analyze these problematic individual issues, the radical feminist framework has proven to be effective. Radical feminism is a conscious-raising group that addresses intense debates surrounding issues of women’s everyday lives. They argue that â€Å"the personal is political† in that the â€Å"original and basic class division is between the sexes, and that the motive force of history is the striving of men for power and domination over women, the dialectic of sex† (Hartmann 13). Radical feminism are greatly concerned about violence towards women due to the depictions of women as sexual objects to be used, abused, and produced in the mass media. Catharine MacKinnon argues that â€Å"maleness is a form of power and femaleness is a form of powerlessness† (369). As a result, according to radical feminism, patriarchy results in the sexual exploitation of women through social control and construction. However, radical feminisms limitation is that the creation of a women-only space includes particular â€Å"women† while excluding those that do not conform to certain gender assumptions such as transgenders it creates another form of power. This exclusion will lead to another type of inequality and oppression that will once again damage society as a whole. The liberal, Marxist, and radical feminist perspectives all focus on the major structures that act as the basis of society’s gender concepts. Postcolonial feminism, on the other hand, challenges the gender blindness that is masked in traditional colonial history it focuses on problematic gender concepts rather than the major structures behind them. In traditional thought, the â€Å"Third World Women† is represented as the colonized women of nonindustrial societies and developing countries who are brought into civilization by imperial, patriarchal domination of Western and European masculinity. Feminist postcolonial theorists argue that the basis of these women’s gender and race places them under imperial circumstances of being women of â€Å"double colonization† â€Å"Third-World Woman† are seen â€Å"as victim par excellence the forgotten casualty of both imperial ideology, and native and foreign patriarchies† (Gandhi 83). This is problematic because the â€Å"Third-World Women† are placed in contrast with Western woman as opposites, othered, and marginalized a position of inferiority to ones gender of not being a dominant, white, middle-class woman. Leela Gandhi exemplifies that this â€Å"implied cultural lack of the ‘third-world woman’ fortifies the redemptive ideological/political plenitude of Western feminism†¦seen yet as another object of Western knowledges, simultaneously knowable and unknowing† (86). As a result, postcolonial and feminist theories challenges discourses that are about women by highlighting the anti-colonial gender blindness and to acknowledge â€Å"Third-World Woman† as a voice of difference instead of an object to be silenced by the power and privilege of colonialism. However, postcolonial feminism is limited in that, like the above perspectives, a more macro-level of analysis is taken whereas the micro-level analysis of sexuality. Postcolonial feminism focuses their attention on the social organization of the â€Å"third-world woman† in relation to colonial practices and exploitation. Lesbian feminism, unlike other perspectives, acknowledges the oppression of compulsory heterosexuality. By challenging traditional norms and heterosexuality, they fight for both women’s and homosexual rights. Lesbian feminism has the potential to combat homophobia by empowering women to explore sexuality and to understand of heterosexual relationships. They argue that the diverse range of â€Å"woman-identified experience† needs to take into account the history and individual experience of each woman’s life (Rich 648). Adrienne Rich argues that compulsory heterosexuality is not examined but accepted as the â€Å"sexual preference† of our society (633). As a result, the perspective of lesbian feminism has implications of dismantling compulsory heterosexuality by recognizing the central truth of women’s history in that the â€Å"preference† of heterosexuality has been â€Å"naturally† imposed on women and that â€Å"women have always resisted male tyranny† (Rich 652). It allows women to move away from the prescribed scripts produced by the distorted lie of compulsory female heterosexuality as â€Å"normal† and a â€Å"preference† a form of liberation for all women. However, lesbian feminism is limited in that they do not address the power issues may still exist in lesbian relationships just as they do in heterosexual relationships. It also neglects larger oppression issues that are bringing distress to the female gender. Contrasting other perspectives, third wave feminism guides their analysis towards a more micro perspective and emphasizes that individual identities are unique and complex. They strive for women to have agency and acknowledge that female sexuality is a form of power to express oneself. They find the category of â€Å"woman† to be problematic because, as stated by Himani Bannerji, women’s issues should not be located on a broad and generalized way of â€Å"Woman a singular yet universal entity† of patriarchal social construction (48). Third wave feminism embraces sexuality and the act of sex as fun rather than deviant or dangerous. They see themselves as empowering and as women of choice. Third wave feminism appreciates and views the internet as an important source for opening up lines of communication and support networks for young scholars (Alfonso and Trigilio 7). They stress the importance of speaking and writing about individual personal experiences in order to resist universal assumptions. However, this is limiting in that they do not evaluate certain issues that arise. Third-wave feminism provides a more micro-approach to analyze everyday conversations. This can be problematic because the specificity of these conversations becomes hard to apply to societal issues. In Rita Alfonso’s dialogue to Jo Trigilio, Rita acknowledges that a â€Å"political generation can account for subject positions across historical waves of feminism, as well as for the existence of two relatively distinct waves of feminism (9-10). However, Trigilio stresses that the use of â€Å"political generation† needs to accompanied with concerns about which groups are empowered to give them a voice (10). Trigilio also fears that there is becoming less class-consciousness in third wave feminism and highlights the increasing problems of academic discourses (written in a form that is only accessible to a few and again oppresses). All perspectives have their own unique qualities that provide insight into the deeper issues that underlie our social and political structures in society. Each stance is beneficial to our understanding even though they are limited due to their specific nature. The combination of liberal, Marxist, radical, postcolonial, lesbian, and third wave feminism will allow us to recognize the historical shifts of these perspectives all these perspectives have risen at certain points in time due to societal issues concerning gender and sexuality. Society is a gradual process that slowly finds acceptance in issues (especially in sexuality) that surface as a result of progressive movements that fight for change. The problematic issues surrounding gender, sex, and sexuality have always brought a lot of distress to women in society. On a larger scale, these problems exist in the economical, political, and patriarchal aspects of society. From a micro viewpoint, domestic oppression and heterosexual gender ideologies are also the concerns of the female gender. Sexuality is a major concern because not only is it seen to be deviant but talk of having sex is seen to be sacred. Instead of finding pleasure in explore ones sexuality, traditional ideology has oppressed the talk and the act of engaging in this private and personal sphere of the individual. Historically, many issues were shunned because of dominant discourses but over time, it has been a gradual movement to give rise to these issues that were always present. By incorporating the multiple perspectives discussed, society can continue to evolve and move towards better social structures and norms that will help improve the living standard of the female gender. Works Cited Alfonso, Rita and Jo Trigilio (1997). â€Å"Surfing the Thrid Wave: A Dialogue Between Two Third Wave Feminists.† Hypatia 12, 3: 7-16. Bannerji, Himani (1999). â€Å"Inroducing Racism: Notes Towards an Anti-Racist Feminism† in Thinking Through: Essays on Feminism, Marxism, and Anti-Racism (41-53). Toronto: Women’s Press. Gandhi, Leela (1998). â€Å"Postcolonialism and Feminism† in Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction (81-101). New York: Columbia University Press. Hartmann, Heidi (1981). â€Å"The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union.† In Lydia Sargeant (Ed.) Women and Revolution (1-41). Montreal: Black Rose Books. Rich, Adrienne (1980). â€Å"Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence.† Signs 5, 4: 631-660. MacKinnon, Catherine (1985). â€Å"Pornography, Civil Rights, and Free Speech.† In Rosemary Tong (Ed.) (1999) Feminist Philosophies. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Whelehan, Imelda (1995). â€Å"Liberal Feminism: The Origins of the Second Wave† in Modern Feminist Thought (25-43). New York: New York University Press.

Is a general glut possible?

Is a general glut possible? Introduction In macroeconomics, general glut refers to there is a supply excess in all industries. There is a long time running debate on the general glut from the late 18th century. Many economists try to figure out if there is a general glut in reality. Normally, glut could be exhibited in a economic depression or recession with high unemployment rate and idle manufactures. However, Jean-Baptiste Say(1803) established his theory Law of markets which advocates that there is no general glut . Say said products are paid for with products. In the other words, supply creates demand. Many classical and neoclassical economists support Says Law. Say brought up his theory after industrial revolution. Under that background, Says law might be right, because market was completely controlled by suppliers. It means suppliers are consumers. Therefore, Says law seems right. On the other hand, Says Law can be proved with one simple example: if firms cannot sell goods, then goods prices will be decreased until c onsumers accept it. The only problem is time. In the long run, Says law seems correct. Ricardo (1851) extended this notion to saving and investment. If manufacture produces more than one consumes, then the surplus is saved and, by definition of terms, invested. No one would produce in excess of consumption needs if one does not have a desire to either exchange it or invest it. Supply, therefore, is demand. This virtually all the Classical economists held to be an irrefutable truth. However, some economists denied Says law concluding there is a general glut in economy. Keynesian argues that some microeconomic-level actions can lead to a general glut. Next, unnecessarily high unemployment rate is the evidence of a general glut. Austrian school economists argue that misallocation of resource causes the gneral glut. Some post-Keynesian economists think credit bubbles or speculative bubbles is the cause of general glut. In my opinion, general glut exists in the modern society. The severe worldwide economic depression in the 1930s and financial crisis in 2007 prove that there is a general glut in reality. Especially, the global financial crisis in 2007 makes me to believe that Keynesian is correct and general glut is possible. It is controversial that government should adopt laissez-fair or Keynesian policy to exit finaical crisis. From laissez-fair side, economists suggest government should stimulate production and this is the only way to control crisis. On the other hand, Keynesians supporters argue that government should stimulate demand. Because they think insufficient aggregate damand causes the fiancial crisis. Says law This part I will discuss Says law more detail and analyse why Says law is inconsistent with other economistss theories. Say is the first economists to advocate that the price of a product is dominated by its supply and demand. Say(1803) established Law of markets theory which argues that the total supply in an economy can never fall below or exceed the amount of total demand. Therefore, there is no general glut in a economy. On the other hand, Say argues that money is neutral. Personally, I think Says thought about moneys purpose is inconsistent with most economists arguments. It is the one reason why his theory is inconsistent with most economists theories. Say(1983) contended trader is interested in other products, not money. He thinks there is no reason to hoard money and moneys purpose is buying other goods. In contrast, I think many people are engaging to hoard money for various reasons. For example, ones salary is 2000 dollars per month, it is impossible for him to use 2000 dollars every month. One will make a financial plan and save one small proportion in the bank purposely. Many classical and neoclassical theory supports Says law. I read the story like shoe-hat world or some two things world in their articles. In the shoe-hat world, they exchange one good for another good . According to their explanations, there could be three possible circumstances in the shoe hat world. I got this idea from a on-line article called the general glut controversy. First of all, shoes makers and hat makers have enough quantities to satisfy all demand. Then, there is a overproduction of hats, meaning too great a demand for hats. Next, there may be too many shoes in the market. However, there never be a overproduction of both goods. Because a shoes maker would not produce one more if he or she did not need more hats. On the other hand, there could be a glut for one good, but there could not be a general glut. It seems plausible that general glut does not exist. However, they overlooked a important stuff, of course, money. In the current society, we are not in the barter economy. Money plays a important role in capitalize economy. If i introduce money in the two person economy, there is a little change. Mill, John Stuart (1844)argues that in the simple exchange economy, supply creats demand. However, when money is the exchange medium, people can hoard the sales profit. Therefore, supply do not always create demand and general confidence can change the balance between supply and demand. Joseph Clark(2010) argues that there still cannot be a general glut after we introduce money. He said there could be surplus in all goods relative to money. From the long term side, I think there is no general glut, however, in the short term, definitely supply does not equal to demand due to price is not flexible. It means there is overproduction or underproduction. Says law just messed up by the exchange medium, money. Great depression and global financial crisis It is important to discuss the economic depression in the 1930s and global financial crisis in 2007. From these two events, I firmly believe general glut exists. Many economists argued that government interventions is the main reason for financial crisis. Robert ( 2009) asserts that one cause of financial crisis is the unregulated financial market. Some researchers thought the main reason for financial crisis is humans greed. Adrian(2008) concluded one cause of the crisis is a change in the model of banking, mixing credit with equity culture. Nevertheless, I think general glut is the main reason. After doc.com bubble bursting, American government decreased interest rate to prevent economic recession. Between 2001 and 2004, interest rate even reached the lowest point of 50 years, 1%. I think real estate glut is the fuse of the crisis. After real estate bubble bursting, the general glut came up. For example, the Big three(GE,FORD,CLESLER) asked for $50 billion to avoid bankruptcy and e nsuing layoffs, then Congress worked out a 25$ billion loan. From a more widen scope, looking at the data from Wikipedia, the annulized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 9.8% in the Euro. Looking at the unemployment rate of economic downturn in the 1930s: unemployment in the United states arose to 25% and some other countries reached 33%(frank, 2007).If Says law is correct and general glut is invisible, there is no unemployment. I will explain why unemployment rate is related with Says law and general glut in the next part. Say and other nineteenth-century economists argued that products can find buyers eventually if prices are sufficiently attractive. I admit this argument is correct. If Airbus sells A380 as cars price, I think there is no overproduction problem for Airbus. I think many theories are established in a perfect and simple world. Actually many theories cannot apply to reality because of imperfect economy system. Some other theories Keynes (1936) argued that unnecessarily high unemployment rate was the evidence of the general glut. Aggregate demand for products is less than aggregate supply, causing economic recession and losses of potential output. There are three important concepts in Keynes paper. The first one is propensity to consume. The marginal propensity to consumer is the relative increase in personal consumption, that comes with an increase in disposable income. The marginal propensity is less than one. In the other words, the actual production level is lower than the full employment production level. Therefore, there is a gap between total income and total consumption. This gap would not be eliminated which conflicts Says law. Now, someone maybe ask if investments can close this gap. Many economists believe that saving is equal to investment. Keynes(1963) argues that investment cannot close this gap because there is no evidence showing that investment is equal to saving. Keynes contend that saving de pends on the households income level. It means one earns more and one saves more. However, investments depends on the marginal efficiency of capital. Keynes thinks saving and investment are totally different terms and have no autocorrelation. Austrian school economists argue that misallocation of resource causes the depression, even general glut. They also contend the depression is a tool to wipe out the excessive supply.(wiki) Austrian school economists focus on the credit cycle when they see the business cycle. they think depression is inevitable after credit bubble burst. Artificially low interest rate could lead speculative economic bubbles. Then, recession comes up to adjust the balance of saving and investment(Thorsten Polleit,2007). I think Austrian school theory is similar to post-Ksynesian. They both think general glut cause as one spends more than one earns. Personally, I think greed is another way to interpret this problem. some post-Keynesian economists think credit bubbles or speculative bubbles is the cause of general glut. From Irving Fishing ¼Ã‹â€ 1933 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° view, debt bubble busrting leads general glut. According to his debt deflation theory, a series of bad things occur after bubble bursting. First of all, distress selling and debt liquidation lead contraction of the money supply. Then, decrease of asset value and fall in firms profits. Afterwards, unemployment rate increase leads pessimism. Finally, people will hoard money. Therefore, a general glut comes up due to the shift from using more than one earns to spending less than one earns leads a sustained decrease in aggregate demand(wiki). It is necessary to talk about Marxian in the general glut debate. Marx(1864) contend that there are two types of goods, one is capital goods like machines and another one is consumer goods that are not durable. According to Marx, I think capitalist economy target is capital goods accumulation. On the other hand, firms goal is profit maximum. Looking back to our reality, many developed countries companies are using outsource strategy. They are reaching the maximum marginal profit. So there will be more and more goods but unchanged demand power even lower. Therefore, general glut is possible in the capitalist economy. Sismondi(1861) and Karl Marx have a same idea about time lag in the products transaction. I think this idea exists in the reality, for example, one produced a good and sell it. However, he would hoard money for a while before he buy other goods with money he earned. Therefore, there is a breakdown in the transaction and overproduction crisis can occur. Actually some economists oppose to Says law before Keyne and Marx. Malthus(1820) argues that producers do not always exchange their goods for other goods. Some goods are exchanged for labour. However, Says law does not concerns about employment and unemployment. Therefore the entire goods can lose value due to unproductive labour,meanwhile, general glut can exist. From the money side, Say and his supporters think is completely neutral. However, Malthus(1820) contend that producer wants money not other goods. He think it is so abstract that people want goods and not money. I persist Malthuss thought is correct. For example, I want to buy a house or a luxury car, so I will to save my money within five even ten years. Before I buy a house, money is preferable for me. Eventually, I admit my saving is for goods, however, I do not immediately change goods when I get money. There is a gap, even for a while, this gap will cause a general glut. conclusion I think it is impossible to avoid the crisis of general glut. Theoretically, general glut is a issue of income distribution. Profit is distributed to minority. This could leads social savings and investments too high as well as low consumption, hence the scale of production and consumption is asymmetry. Then, general glut comes up. Therefore, I support that government should stimulate aggregate demand side to exist crisis. Then, I disagree Says standpoint that supply creates demand. Just a simple example, manufactures always increase their investments when economy is booming. They think there will be more demand in the future , so they build more factories and buy more raw materials in advance. However, economic crisis may be happen suddenly leading to less consumption. Therefore, there will be many idle factories and high unemployment rate as well as unsold goods. Under this condition, I can barely believe that supply creates demand. I think general glut exists due to firms managers overestimate the demand quantities and misjudge macroeconomic situation. I think greedy soul is the main cause of overestimation and misjudgement. It is also the deep reason for the general glut. Many people debate on the term general and think there could be overproduction for one good or two goods or one thousand goods, however, no general glut. I think once money exists in our economy as a exchange tool, there could be general glut. Maybe money is not overproduction,but money is not good. There is no industry called money industry. On the other hand, I pretty sure government policies would solve the general glut issue. For example, FED injected money supply after 2007 financial crisis. This topic is so profound and tricky. My essay is not a statistics based paper, so I cannot provide enough data to prove my notion. Money is a critical variable in this debate. Some economists argue that money is neutral and give so little importance to money. Actually money has a meaning of value store rather than exchange. However, I still persist that general glut exists in the short run and supply seemingly create demand in the long run. in the other words, overproduction crisis is the situation that supplier cannot sell their goods at meanwhile. Is it possible? Obviously, the answer is yes. 1930 depression and 2007 financial crisis tell us the answer is yes. However, market itself adjusts and heals general gluts crisis eventually. I agree Keyness critique of Says law. But I am still confused his thought about saving and investment. I do not agree saving rate depends on income level rather than interest rate. For example, Chinese saving rate is higher than some western countries, however, Chinese income level is lower than western countries. Personally, I think interest rate has a strong relationship with saving. Finally, if Says law is acceptable, it means government should adopt laissez-fair policies. However, I think Keynesian is more rational and acceptable than laissez-fair. Global financial crisis and 30th great depression give a strong evidence for this debate. I pretty sure market is rational, however, overlooking one variable, of course, people. Human control the market and price and I have to say people are not rational sometimes. However, there is no general glut in the barter economy. In the other words, all goods are exchange for other goods. Plus, sellers buy other goods immediately after they sell goods. This circumstance seems so abstract and unrealistic. I cannot deny Says law influence and implications. Says law is a pillar of classical economic theory. Understanding the inner implication of Says law is important for government to control a crisis or avoid a crisis.

ComputAbility - Sales Goals Essay -- essays research papers

ComputAbility, a mail-order company, began in 1982. An authorized reseller of computer software and hardware, ComputAbility offers their clients over 50,000 products. The company has built their reputation on a foundation of competitive prices and quality service. In August of 1997, Creative Computers, also a mail-order company, acquired ComputAbility. The acquisition provided a number of benefits to the company, primarily a larger product selection to offer to customers. Currently, ComputAbility employs 60 + people with plans of adding on 20 to 30 more sales representatives and support staff during the next year. Prior to February of 1998, all of the sales representatives were in the inbound division. This division handles all incoming sales calls. Majorities of these calls are from individual consumers. Creative Computers had started their company the same way, but found the growth potential was in the business sector. In February of 1998, ComputAbility started their corporate sales division, an area already underway at Creative. This division of the company was created to develop relationships with business clients, and become the primary way of increasing company profit. Computability added a dedicated trainer to the staff at the same time the corporate division was started. This individual’s primary responsibilities were to train new hires in the areas of sales, product knowledge, company policies and procedures and computer systems. Although there was a solid training program in place, including ongoing new product training from manufacturers, the company was not profiting at an acceptable rate. ComputAbility experienced a decrease in sales and profits during the first year after the acquisition. The expectation was that the acquisition should have provided the tools necessary to increase sales. So what could be the problem? Although ComputAbility sales representatives now had more tools available to them, something was still missing. Creative Computers decided to test a sales training program for the corporate sales division. There are a number of sales training tools available. Tools range from books and seminars to dedicated sales training company programs. Management decided to work with a company who had developed a sales training program. The initial step was for top management to go through the training to see if it was worth the time and... ...o sales improvement. This relationship will take some time. A longer phone conversation can help to qualify better and build the trust needed to assist in repeated sales volume. The longer you are on the phone, the greater the chance you will have to sell something to the client. The last graph looks at the monthly attendance vs adjusted gross profit and one can see little relationship on a direct basis. It should be noted that if you do not come to work you would not make any calls. However just being at work will not guarantee you success. The success of the program is dependent on the attitude of quality not quantity. In summary, the amount of expertise developed over time and the amount of quality conversations developed over time are the important factors. Sales will not improve when activity is based on factors of quantity only. Harlan, R., Woolfson, Jr., W., (1991). Telesales That Works. Chicago, Il: Probus Publishing Company. Stone, B., (1995). Successful Direct Marketing Methods. Lincolnwood, Il: NTC Business Books. Zajas, J., Church, O., (1997). Applying Telecommunications and Technology from a Global Business Perspective. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, Inc.

Experiential Methods for Acquiring Self-Knowledge Essay -- Education C

Experiential Methods for Acquiring Self-Knowledge Do people ever know enough about themselves to determine the direction of their career journey? Various strategies have been developed to provide guidance toward this end; however, as the realities of work change due to such factors as global competition and new technologies, it is necessary to develop new awareness of self in relation to work. This Digest examines various processes by which learners of all ages, elementary to adult, can expand their self-knowledge--their interests and the importance of those interests to their personal satisfaction, their strength and weaknesses in relation to their interests, and the ways in which their interests and abilities are applicable in the changing social, economic, and work environments. Self-knowledge is the first of three integral competency areas in the National Career Development Guidelines (National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee 1989). The guidelines address the progressive acquisition throughout life of (1) knowledge of the influence of a positive self-concept; (2) skills to interact positively with others; and (3) understanding of the impact of growth and development. Studies conducted by Anderson (1995) and DaGiau (1995) among others demonstrate the influence that increased understanding of one's self-concept and its effect on roles and relationships has upon career maturity. According to Anderson (1995), "self-knowledge is a domain with many pathways" (p. 280). Historical self-knowledge--understanding of past experiences and influences that led to one's current level of development--is a key to shaping the future. Ask any first-time job seeker the main reason employers rejected them and they will ... ...llege, 1995. (ED 386 609) Lester, J. S., and Perry, N. S. Assessing Career Development with Portfolios. ERIC Digest. Greensboro, NC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Student Services, 1995. (ED 391 110) Lock, R. D. Taking Charge of Your Career Direction: Career Planning Guide, Book 1. 3d ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1996. National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee. National Career Development Guidelines. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 1989. (ED 317 874-880) Savoie, J. M., and Hughes, A. S. "Problem-based Learning as Classroom Solution." Educational Leadership 52, no. 3 (November 1994): 54-57. (EJ 492 914) Willis, S. "On the Cutting Edge of Assessment: Testing What Students Can Do with Knowledge." Education Update: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development 38, no. 4 (June 1996): 4-7.

coaching tips :: essays research papers

The Coaching Tip WHO doesn't want to accomplish more in life? Don't most of us want more time? More money? More love? More satisfaction? Yet, isn't our tendency to go for it rather than simply having it all come to us? A strong personal foundation includes 10 distinct stepping stones which, when linked together, provide a solid yet personalized base on which to build one's life. And, in a world which sometimes appears to be built on quicksand, we all need a personal foundation on which to depend. These 10 stepping stones of a Personal Foundation are: A past which you have fully completed. A life which is based fully on integrity. Needs which have been identified and fully met. Boundaries which are ample and automatic. Standards which bring out your best. An absence of tolerations. Choosing to come from a positive place. A family which nurtures you. A community which develops you. A life fully oriented around your true values. Anyone who is living a meaningful life must have a strong personal foundation so they can afford to look up at the stars instead of down at their feet. Having a strong personal foundation allows a person to fully use their skills and resources, because instead of constantly worrying about the fundamentals of their life, they are free to focus on the task at hand. The process of building a personal foundation also teaches a person how to eliminate and prevent many common problems that are usually thought of as an expected part of life." Where can you go for help in this area? A Master Coach is uniquely trained to help clients strengthen their own foundation, and is a model of how well the process works.

How Japan is Contributing to Globalization Essay

Globalization is one of the most important aspects of modern society affecting all spheres of life. Globalization involves public life, politics, economy, culture and social development. Globalization and the initiation of new technologies have significantly changed the way business, government and society are organized. Japan’s presence has loomed large in the Asia-Pacific region after World War II. Population density and geographic isolation are the two crucial factors that cannot be overstated when discussing Japan. Most of Japan’s land area is mountainous; and therefore, the residential area represents only 3%, and the industrial area is only 1. 4 %. However, Japan still generates an astounding 14% of the world’s GNP (Harukiyo, Hook, 2001). One of the key driving forces behind these changes is a new business model. Japan has made a great contribution to globalization process being a political and economic leader in the Asia-Pacific region. To be successful in global competition, firms become a triad power, establishing strong competitive position in all three parts. Ohmae (1985) views the world market as being composed of three major parts: the USA, Japan, and Europe. Ohmae (1995) also argues that the key to global success is the deliberate â€Å"insideration† of functional strengths of Japan economic system. He considers â€Å"equidistance† the critical requirement of a global strategy: seeing globally, thinking globally, and acting globally. In this process, Japan plays a core role as an economic and political leader controlling the new emerging order. Ohmae argued that successful global companies had to be equally strong in Japan, Western Europe, and the United States. These three regions, which Ohmae collectively called the Triad, represented the dominant economic centers of the world. Today, fully 75 % of world income as measured by GNP is located in the Triad. Ohmae has revised his view of the world; in the expanded Triad, the Japanese leg encompasses the entire Pacific region; the American leg includes Canada and Mexico; and the boundary in Europe is moving eastward. Acer Inc. provides a perfect illustration of a company with a well-balanced revenue stream; one-third of the company’s sales of computers and related equipment are in Asia, one-third in North America, and another 20 % are in Europe. Japan is responsive to local market conditions. The strategic imperative means the efficient global use of good marketing ideas rather than standardization, and an organization structure which encourages transfer of information from Japan to other countries. Global operations are tailored to maximize efficiency in concept development and effectiveness in local market delivery (Befu, Guichard-Anguis, 2001). Japanese multinational corporations which treat individual country markets separately are likely to disappear and be replaced by global corporations which sell standardized products the same way everywhere in the world. A major source of competitive advantage has become the ability to produce high-quality products at lowest cost, since global consumers will sacrifice their idiosyncratic preferences for the high-quality but low-priced products Globalization and the initiation of new technologies have significantly changed the way business, government and society are organized. One of the key driving forces behind these changes is a new business model. Host government regulations/incentives, as well as other environmental forces, can drive globalization. Similarity of tariff barriers, product standards, marketing regulations, and incentives for foreign direct investment can serve as stimuli for globalization.. Japan places more emphasis on market growth and penetration and in these aspects they were definite leaders. Japan has the benefit of a large domestic market but it appears that they also benefit from their emphasis on improvement in product quality and productivity. According to Yang (1995): â€Å"In Japanese business interactions, voice came as the counterpart of trust. Such participation not only provided information exchange but also moderated the coercive power inherent in the hierarchical command structure† (69). The competitiveness in the globalizing world is based on some of the nation’s sectors, where the companies experienced conditions in their home market that induced them to develop the â€Å"right† competencies to compete internationally. Many economists underline the great influence of Japanese policies on the World Trade Organization, â€Å"governmental subsidization of foreign direct investment, and the integration of Japanese production facilities in East Asia† (Maclachlan, 2004). Technological advances are also considered major drivers of globalization. Japanese technological innovations and leadership in IT industry influence global business and science. Japan plays a crucial role in globalization of automotive and IT industries. Communication and transportation technology makes integrated global operations feasible and desirable. Industries with high technology intensity are particularly conducive to standardized marketing approaches (Yang, 1995). Among market factors which can drive globalization are: emergence of global customers, homogenization of consumer needs and wants, existence of global marketing channels, and transferability of marketing practices. Political leadership allows Japan influence foreign relations and political situation. Following Harukiyo and Hook (2001): â€Å"The period of building another modern Japan: the history of post-war Japan colored by high-speed economic development as well by the shrunken role of Japan in world politics. This feature of post-war Japan can be summarized as the economic giant, political pigmy† (19). From the point of view of some scholars in economic-politics, globalization is the result of the capitalism dominance. Yip (1995) reinforces this idea saying that it is a new capitalism cycle where production has become transnational. To other authors, globalization is related to the increasing obsolescence of the nation-state system (Ohmae, 1995). Ohmae (1995) proposes that the more natural model is the â€Å"region-state†, an economic area defined independently of the national borders. To survive and prosper in the global marketplace, Japanese businesses have responded to the industry imperatives. Japan’s contribution to globalization can be explained as: global market participation; product standardization; concentration of value-adding activities; uniform marketing; and integrative competitive moves. Also, Japan’s global strategy has matched the globalization potential as defined by the cost, market, government, and competitive environments. The strategic imperative of Japan is to concentrate value-added activities to exploit factor cost differentials and extend competitive advantages by coordinating interdependencies among markets. Hence, success demands achieving integration of the firm’s competitive position across markets. Japan has a great influence on cultural and social life of global society. Film industry and animated films influence tastes and preferences of millions of people around the globe. Feature-length animated films and manga (an illustrated publications in comic book format) become a part of the global culture. Japanese food consumption patterns penetrated many Europeans countries and America. Traditional food is influence4d by sophisticated cuisine highly customized to the change of seasons. Modern Japanese cuisine includes many seafood dishes with fresh ingredients (sushi), natto and soy sauce. Over the last 50 years, Japanese food culture becomes global and has been adopted by other cultures. Befu and Guichard-Anguis (2001) call this phenomenon cultural diffusion underlining the role and impact of Japanese cultural norms on the ‘outside’ world. For instance, the popularity and â€Å"the success of contemporary Japanese fine art photography in American art museums and galleries† (131) underline the importance and influence on Japanese culture on global society. The ideas and values of the Japanese people influenced perception of the self and religious values of other nations (Hall, Hall 1990). Morals and traditions of the Japanese culture create a strict, unwritten code of essential rules followed by generations of Americans and Europeans as their personal religion which helps to control social life and social order. Many countries adopted traditional Japanese approaches to management including TQM and Quality Circles are a core philosophy of a firm (Hall and Hall, 1990). Introducing Japanese techniques is proving difficult because it cuts across cultural norms. The entrepreneurial spirit of Japanese firms is encouraged as the tendency for individuals to compete against each other frequently gives rise to the development of new ideas. Employee relations is another sphere of Japanese management principles. Yang (1995) explains that: â€Å"Japanese competition has forced the other advanced national economies to investigate seriously and adopt many of the practices which the Japanese have developed† (69). Key benefits include economies of scale in marketing and production, economies of scope, efficiencies in sourcing and transportation, and synergies in other value-adding activities. The response to competitive challenge is another major driver of globalization. In sum, the differences in economic conditions, national values and culture among nations created different opportunities for the development of industries all over the world. Japan has influenced to the competitive pressure by leveraging its competitive position across markets, and by seeking integrated operations. The basic sphere of impact is the international economic and social system, i. e. global manufacture, national economies and the world market. Japan contributes to globalization through investments, access to quality products and technologies, and reciprocal access to foreign markets and managerial development. Unique philosophy and cultural norms of Japanese are also penetrated into other countries shaping behavior of people and perception of the world. From the perspective of business, interest in globalization centers on two major facets: the globalization of markets and the globalization of production and the supply chain. As a member of many international organizations, Japan determines and influences political and economic relations in the Asia-Pacific region and has a great impact on the world order. References 1. Befu, H. , Guichard-Anguis, S. (2001). Globalizing Japan: Ethnography of the Japanese Presence in Asia, Europe, and America. Routledge. 2. Hall, E. T. , Hall, M. R. (1990). Hidden Differences: Doing Business with the Japanese Anchor. 3. Harukiyo, H. , Hook, G. D. (2001). The Political Economy of Japanese Globalization. Routledge.

New Journalism

Is impudently virgins media a literary musical style? Analyse with cite to the literary techniques used in ii examples of hot saucys media. Word Count 2231 I suppose the nigh common in narrateect point at which to st device is by defining fresh journalism, or literary journalism, as Eisenhuth and McDonald (2007, p. 38) regulate it is c e actually(prenominal) in alled at the pep pill end of the spectrum. The Collins Concise lexicon (1999, p. 995) defines newborn journalism as a bearing of journalism, using techniques borrowed from legend to deliver a situation of scourt as vividly as practical. Wikipedia (2010) defines it as a style of 1960s and 1970s intelligence service committal to writing and journalism that used literary techniques deemed unconventional at the time. The meaning of new-sprung(prenominal) journalism has evolved over the the past hotshot hundred years or so and has supposedly been coined by galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) a person, in cluding the so-called founding father of brand-new journalism, Matthew Arnold (Roggenkamp, 2005, p. xii) The term, with relevance to the above definitions, was codified with its real meaning by Tom Wolfe in his 1973 collection of modernistic news media phrases,The new(a) Journalism,which included locks by nigh notably himself, Truman capote, Hunter S.Thompson, Norman Mailer, and Joan Didion. With role to the aforementioned youthful Journalists, Tom Wolfe, in a 1972 new York Magazinearticle, state, I know they never dreamed that any(prenominal)thing they were sack to write for newspapers or magazines would wreak much(prenominal)(prenominal) evil havoc in the literary humans causing panic, dethroning the novel as the number one literary genre, starting time the first new direction in Ameri arouse publications in half(prenominal) a century. Nevertheless, that is what has happened. He went on to say that, Bellow, Barth, Updike even the best of the lot,Philip Rot h the novelists be all come to the fore in that location ransacking the literary histories and sweating it out, wondering whither they now tie-up. cursed it all, Saul, theHuns feed arrived. So, this uproar is what begs several questions that these writers felt the need to be answered. Is revolutionary Journalism a literary genre, simply because it utilises the tools of allegory to give it colour? Is it a journalistic genre? Is it a genre all by itself? Imagine journalism and publications both universe a circumstances side by side they stand alone.They ar pushed together when attempting to kick the bucket out the place of New Journalism in the world of writing how far do they convergency? And if, when they meet, there is an even overlap, sure that creates a distinct genre? whatsoever argue that, as well as not being a literary genre, New Journalism is not a stand-alone genre at all. white potato (1974, p. 15) says that, in his eyes, the main charge levelled against New Journalism is censure against it as a distinct genre. Truman hooded cloak seems to disagree with this and says, It seems to me that virtually contemporary novelists are too subjective.I cute to exchange it, creatively speaking, for the everyday im ad hominem world we all inhabit. Reporting can be made as arouse as manu concomitanturing, and done as artistically. (Plimpton, 1967, p. 14) This suggests that capote believes that New Journalism falls on neither side of the fence. Instead, New Journalism is all almost taking journalism with one hand, taking literature with the other, and wrench them both together. He wanted to extend to literature more(prenominal) objective, as journalism is, and he wanted to make journalism more creative, as literature is. Conley (1998, p. ) notes that, Journalism and fiction are not ordinarily mentioned in the identical sentence unless in an unflattering sense, yet they have lots in common. Again, we are directed towards the 2 for ms as separate, but partially overlapped. Weiss (2004, p. 177) says that, The tugs and pulls of feature versus fiction and memory versus imagination are evident within the genre of journalism. She goes on to say that, Journalism splintered from early describe and took on many of the attributes of literature. There are many attributes of literary journalism which overlap with fiction. Again, this theme of convergence is present in her thoughts. Weiss (2004, p. 179) asks a good question Has the blurring of lines from non-fiction to fiction become excessive and confusing? Roorbach (2001, p. 7) goes nearly way in answering this and states that an over-insistence on verifiable accuracy has about the same deadening effect on art as an over-insistence on conformity in style and subject. So it follows that the best head for the hills of action when considering the place of New Journalism is to nod towards the pieces of work that take province for both fact and fiction.Somerset Maugh am (1938, p. 19) hold that fiction and journalism are intrinsically conjugate and says, of news, that it is raw material straight from the knackers g-force and we are stupid if we turn our noses up at it because it smells of blood and sweat. These are the row of a literary great who feels that writers must(prenominal) take journalism into account in their work. Believing there was whole new genre, Capote called his book,In Cold Blood,a non-fiction novel, which is a book that employs the conventions of fiction to tell a true story. The work is about the mass murder of a Kansas culture family.Although the book was the peak of Capotes career as a writer, and was hailed as an international success, it on with New Journalism as a whole was heavily criticised, due to facts being changed, scenes being added and dialogue being made-up. This criticism can be seen as a positive thing though, in basis of defining New Journalism. By stating that aspects of his style of writing makes it neither journalism, nor literature, the criticism creates a new genre for Capotes work to sit, comfortably, in. Interestingly, Capote, along with Mailer and many other authors, never agreed to their styles comparisons to Wolfes school of narration.Much to the contrary, many of these writers would deny that their work was generically relevant to other new Journalists at the time. In a 1966Atlanticarticle, Dan Wakefield said that the non-fiction work of Capote proud reporting to the level of literature. Although praising the work of Capote, this goes nearly way in motto that literature is better than journalism. This is evidence for what Capote said his critics feltCombining literature and journalism is little more than a literary solution for fatigued novelists. (Plimpton, 1967, p. 16) Newfield (1967, p. 0) said that, This new genre defines itself by claiming many of the techniques that were once the unchallenged terrain of the novelist tension, symbol, cadence, irony, prosody , imagination. Gay Taleses 1966 article forEsquiremagazine,Frank Sinatra Has a Cold,was a very influential piece of New Journalism that gave a very detailed personation of Frank Sinatra, without ever having interviewed him. Talese undertook huge amounts of research, as did many of the New journalists, including Capote withIn Cold Blood. Unlike Capote, Talese did not reconcile facts of characters.His article is, therefore, an example of New Journalism that falls under the category of a journalistic genre, as opposed to a distinct genre. In agreement with the methods of Talese and vituperative of those of Capote, writer Barry Seigel, who heads up a literature and journalism course at the University of California, says that he teaches of nonfiction prose that transcends the limits of daily journalism. He even so rejects absolutely the notion of imagining or otherwise fabricating quotes, inventing characters or blurring antithetical sources into composites. (Eisenhuth and McDona ld, 2007, p. 41) If the aim of most New Journalism is to write sovividly and report in such intense bursts that a scene leaps from the page, Talese goes in the other direction. He slowly drills polish through the mundane subterranean creation of human existence to its fictional core. He said he wanted to pull up the fictional current that flows between the reality. uncomplete of these examples, nor any of the quotes gleaned from research, point towards New Journalism falling under the category of a literary genre.Obviously there forget be those that do not wish to have it associated with the word literature they see it as a bastard child. Hartsock (2000, p. 7) states that New Journalism reflects a rough, but not certain(prenominal) split between journalism and literature. He notes that some commentators, such as Lounsberry, who is as strain with English studies, prefer to view it as a literary genre. Others, such as Connery, who is affiliated with journalism, prefer to view it as a journalistic genre. He adds that, there long has been a bias against journalism by English studies. Eisenhuth and McDonald (2007, p. 49) say that some journalists tend to see the term as bunging it on a bit, but the fact is that the notion of New Journalism is gaining contractance, even in university English departments, which have customally disdained the reporting milieu that has nurtured so many novelists the likes of Ernest Hemingway and Graham Green and in more recent times, journalists false non-fiction writers and novelists like Robert Drewe. Drewe was the centre of Conleys 1998 article, pitch of a Novelist, Death of a Journalist.Drewe is Australias most prominent author turned journalist. His first book, The Savage Crows, was well received,although at the time with some surprise, like here is a dog that can reproof a bicycle and play a trumpet at the same time, which was sort of flattering and slightly offensive He said his transition to fiction entailed a gru dging acceptance because of Australias tradition that novelists either came from the School of Hard Knocks the realist, outback, dingo-trapping reach or from English Departments. (Conley, 1998, p. 0) There is still, to this day, an spacious amount of debate surrounding New Journalism and its place in the world of writing. There is, and always will be, a furore amongst steadfast writers that refuse to accept it into the literary world. Connery acknowledges the difficulty of the forms identity, and that our understanding of New Journalism as a genre is still very much emerging. (Hartsock, 2000, p. 3) The absolute fact that Connery seeks to find a acknowledgment at all highlights the critical irritation with the forms identity.Weber argues that this discomfort comes because this category of serious writing is not well defined, and the many different hurt used to describe it do not help. (Hartsock, 2000, p. 6) Here, he is obviously referring to the terms literary Journalism, N ew Journalism, and Literary Non-fiction which qualify in use, depending on the commentator. It seems that an answer will never be reached as to whether or not New Journalism is a stand-alone genre. Without taking the sceptics and critics too much to heart, New Journalism seems to be nestled, honourable fine, in its own world. Lounsberry (1990, p. 5) sums things up in a nutshell, despite her affiliation towards New Journalism as a literary genre. She states that, it does not really matter what pattern we give to this type of discourse it is possible to study it without actually placing it under any specific category. References Books Collins Concise Dictionary, 1999. New Journalism. Glasgow Harper Collins Publishers. Eisenhuth, S, MacDonald, W. , 2007. The Writers Reader dread Journalism and Nonfiction. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Hartsock, J. C. , 2000. A history of American Literary Journalism.The Emergence of a new Narrative Form. Massachusetts University of Massa chusetts Press. Lounsberry, B. , 1990. The contrivance of Fact Contemporary Artists of Nonfiction. Lincoln Greenwood Press. Maugham, S. , 1938. The Summing Up. capital of the United Kingdom Heinemann. Roggenkamp, K. , 2005. Narrating the News New Journalism and Literary Genre in Late 19th Century Newspapers and Fiction. Kent, OH Kent State University Press. Roorbach, B. ,2001. The Art of equity Contemporary Creative Nonfiction. New York Oxford University Press. Articles Conley, D. , 1998. Birth of a Novelist, Death of a Journalist.Australian Studies in Journalism 7,46-73, p1. Murphy, J. E. , 1974. The New Journalism A Critical Perspective. Journalism Monographs,34, p15. Newfield, J. , 1967. Hooked and Dead. New York Times Book Review,May 7, p. 20. Wakefield, D. , 1966. The personal Voice and the Impersonal Eye. The Atlantic,pp. 86-89 Weiss, C. , 2004. Reviving the Elephant legal transfer Literary Journalism Back into the Classroom. Schenley mellowed School,p173. Websites Plimp ton, G. , 1967. Truman Capote In Which Various Friends, Enemies, Acquaintances, and Detractors callback His Turbulent Career. Online Available at http//www. thefreelibrary. com/Truman+Capote%3A+In+Which+Various+Friends,+Enemies,+Acquaintances,+and -a020210227 Accessed 27 November 2010) Wikipedia, 2010. New Journalism. Online Available at http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/New_Journalism Accessed 27 November 2010. Wolfe, T. , 1972. player Reveals Main Factors Leading to Demise of the Novel, rhytidectomy of New Style Covering Events. New York Magazine. Online Available at http//nymag. com/news/media/47353/ Accessed 27 November 2010.